The independence of mathematical truth from any experimentation implies that the accuracy of such predictions depends only on the adequacy of the model. Mathematics is used in science for modeling phenomena, which then allows predictions to be made from experimental laws. A mathematical proof consists of a succession of applications of some deductive rules to already known results, including previously proved theorems, axioms and (in case of abstraction from nature) some basic properties that are considered as true starting points of the theory under consideration. Most mathematical activity involves the use of pure reason to discover or prove the properties of abstract objects, which consist of either abstractions from nature or-in modern mathematics-entities that are stipulated with certain properties, called axioms. Mathematics (from Ancient Greek μάθημα máthēma: 'knowledge, study, learning') is an area of knowledge that includes such topics as numbers ( arithmetic, number theory), formulas and related structures ( algebra), shapes and the spaces in which they are contained ( geometry), and quantities and their changes ( calculus and analysis). 3rd century BC Greek mathematician Euclid holding calipers, as imagined by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens (1509–1511)
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